Young children learn problem solving though playing

Peoples frequently think that drama is merely drama. Children merely drama and they will non larn anything when they play. The existent fact is that kids are larning when they are playing. Children merely know what drama is as this is a self-generated act. Children do non necessitate to learn how to play but they must be guided when they play in order to accomplish the acquisition nonsubjective. Most surveies have portrayed drama as an activity, which has a important positive impact on kids ‘s development such as ( Bruner 1990 ) . Garvey ( 1977 ) gave a utile description of drama for instructors when she described drama as unique to the kids and grownup should non transfuse their constructs into it and seek to direct the drama activity. Play should be child initiated with the facilitation from the grownup to widen and spread out. Play, both directed and adrift, is a critical in the development of larning for immature kids. Harmonizing to Bloom ( 1964 ) , play influences rational development ( Isenberg & A ; Jalongo 1997 ) . And drama helps kids to larn new constructs, to advance, promote kids ‘s problem-solving accomplishments in a natural, fun manner. Many early childhood pedagogues have recognised the fact that drama is the most effectual and powerful ways for immature kids to larn. Dewey ( 1916, 1938 ) believed that kids learn about themselves and their universe through drama ( citied in Joan P. Isenberg & A ; Mary Renck Jalongo, 1997 ) . With concrete stuffs, chances, meaningful first manus experiences would let kids to derive new understanding during drama. As drama is a cosmopolitan activity, kids know how to play and they do non necessitate to be taught. It is drama that influences kids ‘s acquisition and their development. Play aid kids to develop physically, cognitively, emotionally every bit good as societal accomplishments which they will necessitate in their later in life in order to populate independently. We all know that kids ‘s â€Å" occupation † is to play, as kids play, they learn about themselves and others around the universe, intensifying their apprehension and edifice on their familiar cogn ition. Both theory and research supports such a relationship ( Erikson, 1963 ; Fromberg, 1998, 2002 ; Frost et al. , 2001 ; Johnson et al. , 1999 ; Monighan-Nourot & A ; Van Hoorn, 1991 ; Piaget, 1962 ) . Isaacs ‘ ( 1933 ) claimed that, â€Å" Play is a kid ‘s life and the agencies by which he comes to understand the universe he lives in. † ( citied in Macintyre 2001, p. 3 ) .How does Play Impact Learning and Development in Young Children?Play contributes to school success in many ways ; research has showed that every competence of import to school success is enhanced by drama ( Isenberg & A ; Quisenberry, 2002 ; Singer, 2006 ) . In the research literature ( Singer et al. , 2006 ; Smilansky, 1990 ; Van Hoorn, Nourot, Scales & A ; Alward, 2007 ) , it has documented that there are connexions between the complexness of kids ‘s make-believe drama, early literacy, mathematical thought and job resolution. When kids are playing they have the chances to utilize their mental representations of the universe to associate to new objects, people and state of affairss which is the cardinal ability for the future academic acquisition. Physical, societal, emotional, rational, and linguistic communication development are all integrate in kids ‘s drama. Children have a natural motive to larn when they are engaged in the things they are interested ( Shonkoff & A ; Phillips, 2000 ) . Children will be able to develop constructs and skills together as they are integrated in the context of meaningful and playful experiences. For illustration, a four-year-old kid learns to compose the letters in her name, making so, she is besides larning the construct that each missive represents a sound, and she will be extremely motivated by the significance which is her ain name. Skills have limited value without constructs. Example, a kid who is able to number to five by rote, she will non hold the construct of five, unless she understands the measure represented ( 5 = five blocks ) . Children are more likely to retain the accomplishments and constructs they have learned in meaningful contexts. Concepts are developed through activities that occur of course during drama, such as numeration, screening, sequencing, foretelling, hypothesizing, and measuring. Learning through drama is an of import and natural procedure. Learning through drama introduces and Teachs new accomplishments with a happy, comfy and fun attack says Gale Kelleher, manager of Rainbow Nursery School in New York. Meghan McGinley Crowe, Executive Director of Literacy for Little Sprouts, explains that presenting new acquisition processes through playful activities in which kids are per se interested are of import. They keep kids ‘s attending and let them to easy perpetrate larning to long term memory. â€Å" Hands-on, playful larning experiences non merely construct involvement in the topic, but set off a kindergartners experiences in larning as positive, joy filled 1s which they will desire to go on for old ages to come † ( Crowe, 2009 ) . During playing, the kid will research their senses that help them in work outing jobs. For illustration, when a kid tries to suit a unit of ammunition block to the square hole but could n't suit it in. This will let the kid to believe and motivate the kid to happen another hole that can suit the unit of ammunition block. Once the kid found it, they will cognize that merely round hole can suit a unit of ammunition block. Not merely that, when playing, the kid can get all right and gross motor accomplishments. It will besides assist them concentrate, heighten their imaginativeness, and socialise with other kids.The Problem-solving ProcedureProblem resolution is to supply kids with a mechanism for doing good pick about how to react or move and respond in assorted state of affairss. When come to job resolution, it required clip, forbearance, energy and accomplishments. Once kids have get job work outing accomplishments, they become more confident and will be responsible in covering with day-to-day state of affairss. Harmonizing to Doescher ( 1995 ) and Loh ( 2002 ) the job work outing procedure aid kids to work out jobs and do better determination. They suggested parents, pedagogue and instructors to steer kids through the undermentioned stairss: Measure 1: To work out the job, foremost to allow kids cognize what a job is and how they can understand it. Adults may detect and garner information about the state of affairs in order to cognize their kids ‘s problem-solving abilities and to see whether kids are able to work out the job. Questions should be asked: â€Å" What is go oning? † and â€Å" What precisely do we necessitate to make? † Measure 2: Children need to place and specify the job or state of affairs in order to acquire good solution for the job. Once the job is clarified, promote kids to bring forth options, come out with possible solutions thoughts, inquiries and statements, illustration, â€Å" What can we make otherwise? † â€Å" Let ‘s see how many thoughts we can come up with? † and â€Å" Are at that place still more solutions we can believe of? † Measure 3: Discus with the kids the solutions to the job. Talk about the options suggestions and asked kids to notice on them. As this is a critical measure of learning job resolution, grownup can supply some simple solutions or different ways of work outing jobs. When kids reexamining the solutions to the job, they will be able to cognize and measure different solutions to different job. However, grownup must non make the kids ‘s work, allow the kids do it. From the kids ‘s suggestions and seeking their thoughts will be able to let kids to develop their concluding power apart from larning to work out the jobs? Measure 4: Aid kids to make up one's mind on a solution, let kids to test, adapt and research different solutions to the job. Childs have to take the solution which is agreeable to all. Therefore, it is besides appropriate to inquire proposal from each kid. â€Å" What do you believe of the suggestion? † â€Å" If we choose this thought, what do you believe will go on? † When seeking a solution, kids are taking charge of the job and kids need to expect the test solution may be feasible or non, and it can be changed if necessary. By researching and work outing job, it will assist kids to streamline their encephalon in a simple and wise mode. Measure 5: Aid kids to seek a different solution when needed. Sometimes kids need to discourse their job farther and this is the clip for grownup to measure the state of affairs and to come out with another solution. Adult can inquire inquiries ; explore solutions by inquiring thoughts from the kids. â€Å" How can you work out the job? † â€Å" What do you believe? † Children may do a batch of errors while larning to work out jobs and grownup should learn kids how to manage errors and most common bloopers. â€Å" Mistakes and bloopers are the foundation stones that will let kids work out jobs that they encounter in their life † ( Loh. 2002 ) . Therefore, grownup should promote kids to maintain seeking and finally they will be able to happen solution for the job. In Piaget ‘s theory, he has identified that kids move through four wide phases of development by which kids progress through them, each of which is characterized by a qualitatively distinguishable manner of thought. In detector motor phase, cognitive development begins with the babe ‘s usage of the senses and motions to research the universe. These action patterns evolve into the symbolic but unlogical thought of the kindergartners in the preoperational phase. Then knowledge is transformed into the more organized logical thinking of the school age kids in the concrete operational phase. Finally, in the formal operational phase, thought becomes the complex, abstract concluding system of the stripling and grownup. Harmonizing to Piaget, the development of the kids ‘s cognitive abilities will merely reflected in the growing of their powers of perceptual experience, linguistic communication, concluding and problem-solving abilities. If we observed closely at a really immature yearlings faces a job, they frequently merely shout ground being they do non cognize what else to make except shouting. By the age of two, kids will utilize memory as job work outing tool, kids will believe about the job, retrieve what he saw and so copy it. By three old ages old, kids will utilize their imaginativenesss when jobs arise, illustration if there is no helmet in the dramatic corner, the 3s will utilize a bowl and have on it inverted. The four old ages old are the adventuresome and they need some aid in concentrating the job. They are more patient and able to seek out different solutions by utilizing more vocabularies and besides ready to negociate with their equals ( Miller, 1996 ) . Children thrive on complex constructive undertakings that produce identifiable merchandises. Five and six twelvemonth olds peculiarly enjoy constructive drama with higher degrees of societal coaction.How does Play Enhance Cognitive Development?â₠¬Å" Children construct these exposures to new constructs through drama. Each playful experience builds the cognitive development of larning a new fact and perpetrating it to long term memory, † says Crowe ( 2009 ) . Cognitive development focuses on developing maps of the encephalon such as thought, acquisition, consciousness, judgement, and treating information. Harmonizing to developmental psychologist Jean Piaget, kids go through several phases of cognitive development and acquisition activities for yearlings and kids should match to the appropriate developmental ( Snuggs, 2008 ) . In footings of cognitive development, Piaget ‘s ( 1896-1980 ) believed that kids construct their ain apprehension through interacting with their environment and learned to accommodate to the universe. Adaptation which involves through the two procedures that normally happen at the same time, they are assimilation and adjustment. He defined assimilation which means the kid ‘s return in new things from the outside universe and tantrum into the already existing construction. The new rational stuffs which include thoughts, constructs, and points of position to suit into the bing constructions of our heads, in order for these new thoughts finally incorporated into our ain universe positions. Adjustment on the other manus, is the adjusting of the construction in reaction to the freshly incorporated stuff. Therefore, cognitive development involves an interaction between absorbing new facts to old cognition and suiting old cognition to new facts and the care of structural equilib ration ( Halford 1989 ) . Piaget further explained that without the pattern in drama context, the accomplishments that kids have would be loss. In order for kids to absorb information and explored the environment into their heads and assist kids to do sense of it is through drama. Play enable kids to larn work outing job, it help kids able to associate with their old acquisition and obtain new accomplishments, new constructs, able to happen ways to derive more cognition. Children act in an environment by manipulate with different stuffs, equipment-increased kids ‘s cognition. In Piaget ‘s theory, he has recognized that kids move through four wide phases of development, each of which is characterized by a qualitatively distinguishable manner of thought. In detector motor phase, cognitive development begins with the babe ‘s usage of the senses and motions to research the universe. These action patterns evolve into the symbolic but unlogical thought of the kindergartners in the preoperational phase. Then knowledge is transformed into the more organized logical thinking of the school age kids in the concrete operational phase. Finally, in the formal operational phase, thought becomes the complex, abstract concluding system of the stripling and grownup. Harmonizing to Piaget, the development of the kids ‘s cognitive abilities will merely reflected in the growing of their powers of perceptual experience, linguistic communication, co ncluding and problem-solving abilities. Piaget ( 1962 ) believed that kids are active scholars ; kids learn best from the activities they plan, carry out and reflect. Children would be after the activities they are interested in order to prosecute, derive direct experience and use logical believing to their job work outing accomplishments. Harmonizing to Piaget when kids are actively utilizing their head to seek for possible reply, work outing job is a critical facet because kids are mentally building assorted possibilities. In order for effectual acquisition to happen, active engagement is needed to let kids to pull strings stuffs during their acquisition so that they can research ‘what happens if.. ? ‘ Children will be chew overing over higher cognitive-level inquiries, which result them to dispute their thought and coerce them to use, analyze, synthesis or measure what they have learned. Active acquisition besides encourages kids to happen application and illustrations of the freshly learned constructs and brainstorming solutions to jobs ( Mclnerney & A ; Mclnerney 2008 ) . Researcher have besides conclude that kids who participate activity in dramatic drama which besides know as make-believe drama during the preschool old ages has a higher mark on the degrees of imaginativeness and creativeness and this enhance the ability of believing inventively ( Freyberg, 1973, Pepler & A ; Ross, 1981 ) . When kids engaged in dramatic drama or feign drama, they transform the object and actions symbolically. Bergen ‘s survey says that in make-believe drama, kids are practising dialogue, function pickings and job resolution. Vygotsky ‘s theory besides supported that when kids constructed new cognition through their drama, whether they are practising what they have learned in other scenes or they are building new cognition, it is clear that drama has a valuable function in the early childhood schoolroom. Jerome Bruner ( 1972 ) and Brian Sutton Smith ( 1967 ) both maintained that drama provides a comfy and relaxed ambiance in which kids can larn to work out a assortment of jobs. Subsequently, when kids are confronted with the more complex jobs of the existent universe, â€Å" the acquisition that took topographic point during drama is of great benefit to them. † ( Hughes, 2010 p.27 )DecisionThe term of job resolution is used in different signifiers in the literature and job work outing screens a assortment of countries which range from seting mystifiers together, to work out simple scientific discipline and arithmetic jobs, and besides â€Å" to the solution of mental, logical, societal, and mechanical jobs. † ( Bullock, 2000, p.24 ) . Research has found that when a kid is given a peculiar job to work out, the kid has to find the conditions, see the process and stairss taken to work out the job. Gagne ( 1970 ) considers that when a individual ‘s is work outing job, it involves the highest cognitive abilities of which 1 is capable. Young kids learn job work outing accomplishments largely through drama and job resolution is the foundation of a immature kid ‘s acquisition. Educator should value, promote and supply job work outing chances in the early childhood schoolroom. As job work outing occurs in the mundane context of a kid ‘s life, it is the best chances for kids to near jobs in different ways in order to work out them.

A Reflection on Chasing Zero Essay

Chasing Zero, I believe, is a documentary that will never completely leave my mind as long as I work in the field of healthcare. Chasing Zero presents the topic of medical errors: it portrays the disastrous effects they can have on their recipients and how they can ruin the lives of the healthcare providers at fault. However, beyond bringing forth awareness about the harm that medical errors can cause, Chasing Zero also presents a goal. This goal is to decrease the amount of medical errors that occur, by such a significant amount, that the resulting number is zero. Zero is not an easy objective, and many people may think it is impossible. However, no matter the difficulty, it is the responsibility of every healthcare worker to do his or her part to reduce the general number of medical errors occurring as much as possible. As a nursing student, I am particularly glad that I was exposed to the concept of medical errors this early on in my training so I can actively define my role in preventing them. The documentary reminded me that I am entering a profession where my actions have real and significant consequences. A sloppy or incomplete performance in medicine is unacceptable and I must find the best way to become as competent as possible. I was immediately encouraged to become a better student in the classroom, to work harder and retain necessary knowledge that I know may be of great consequence one day. Additionally, since my skills have not yet been fully established, I can take certain measures to ensure that bad and perhaps dangerous habits which can lead to errors, do not develop. I further believe that Chasing Zero will reduce errors simply because it brought awareness of the subject to the public. Now, when people visit a healthcare facility for any reason, they will understand that the professionals working with them are human, and can therefore make mistakes. Through the documentary, people can learn to be their own advocates and to question anything that their healthcare provider is doing which is unclear to them. Chasing Zero presented many concepts to think about and a goal that, if worked for, can be achieved, at least on a personal level. As technology advances and awareness increases, this process might slowly become easier. Instruments such as bar code scanners for drug distribution are constantly being created or improved and new policies are continuously  being instituted in hospitals. I am grateful that I had the opportunity to watch Chasing Zero and I hope to be a part of the movement that strives, every day, to successfully remove the concept of medical errors from our lives.

Final Exam Ec315

PART I. HYPOTHESIS TESTING PROBLEM 1 A certain brand of fluorescent light tube was advertised as having an effective life span before burning out of 4000 hours. A random sample of 84 bulbs was burned out with a mean illumination life span of 1870 hours and with a sample standard deviation of 90 hours. Construct a 95 confidence interval based on this sample and be sure to interpret this interval. Answer Since population standard deviation is unknown, t distribution can be used construct the confidence interval. ? The 95% confidence interval is given by ? X ? t? / 2,n ? 1 ? S S? , X ? ? /2,n ? 1 ? n n? Details Confidence Interval Estimate for the Mean Data Sample Standard Deviation Sample Mean Sample Size Confidence Level 90 1870 84 95% Intermediate Calculations Standard Error of the Mean 9. 819805061 Degrees of Freedom 83 t Value 1. 988959743 Interval Half Width 19. 53119695 Confidence Interval Interval Lower Limit 1850. 47 Interval Upper Limit 1889. 53 2 PROBLEM 2 Given the following data from two independent data sets, conduct a one -tail hypothesis test to determine if the means are statistically equal using alpha=0. 05. Do NOT do a confidence interval. 1 = 35 n2 = 30 xbar1= 32 xbar2 = 25 s1=7 s2 = 6 Answer H0:Â µ1=Â µ2 H1: Â µ1>Â µ2 Test statistics used is t ? X1 ? X 2 S 2 (n1 ? 1) S12 ? (n2 ? 1) S2 n1n2 ~ tn1 ? n1 ? 2 where S ? n1 ? n2 ? 2 n1 ? n2 Decision rule : Reject the null hypothesis, if the calculated value of test statistic is greater than the critical value. Details t Test for Differences in Two Means Data Hypothesized Difference Level of Significance Population 1 Sample Sample Size Sample Mean Sample Standard Deviation Population 2 Sample Sample Size Sample Mean Sample Standard Deviation 0 0. 05 35 32 7 30 25 6Intermediate Calculations Population 1 Sample Degrees of Freedom 34 Population 2 Sample Degrees of Freedom 29 Total Degrees of Freedom 63 Pooled Variance 43. 01587 Difference in Sample Means 7 t Test Statistic 4. 289648 Upper-Tail Test U pper Critical Value p-Value Reject the null hypothesis 1. 669402 3. 14E-05 Conclusion: Reject the null hypothesis. The sample provides enough evidence to support the claim that means are different. 3 PROBLEM 3. A test was conducted to determine whether gender of a display model af fected the likelihood that consumers would prefer a new product.A survey of consumers at a trade show which used a female spokesperson determined that 120 of 300 customers preferred the product while 92 of 280 customers preferred the product when it was shown by a female spokesperson. Do the samples provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the gender of the salesperson affect the likelihood of the product being favorably regarded by consumers? Evaluate with a two-tail, alpha =. 01 test. Do NOT do a confidence interval. Answer H0: There no significant gender wise difference in the proportion customers who preferred the product.H1: There significant gender wise difference in the proportion customers who preferred the product. P ? P2 n p ? n p 1 The test Statistic used is Z test Z ? where p= 1 1 2 2 n1 ? n2 ?1 1? P(1 ? P) ? ? ? ? n1 n2 ? Decision rule : Reject the null hypothesis, if the calculated value of test statistic is greater than the critical value. Details Z Test for Differences in Two Proportions Data Hypothesized Difference Level of Significance Group 1 Number of Successes Sample Size Group 2 Number of Successes Sample Size 0 0. 01 Male 120 300 Female 92 80 Intermediate Calculations Group 1 Proportion 0. 4 Group 2 Proportion 0. 328571429 Difference in Two Proportions 0. 071428571 Average Proportion 0. 365517241 Z Test Statistic 1. 784981685 Two-Tail Test Lower Critical Value -2. 575829304 Upper Critical Value 2. 575829304 p-Value 0. 074264288 Do not reject the null hypothesis Conclusion: Fails to reject the null hypothesis. The sample does not provide enough evidence to support the claim that there significant gender wise difference in the proportion customers who preferr ed the product. 4PROBLEM 4 Assuming that the population variances are equal for Male and Female GPA’s, test the following sample data to see if Male and Female PhD candidate GPA’s (Means) are equal. Conduct a two-tail hypothesis test at ? =. 01 to determine whether the sample means are different. Do NOT do a confidence interval. Male GPA’s Female GPA’s Sample Size 12 13 Sample Mean 2. 8 4. 95 Sample Standard Dev .25 .8 Answer H0: There is no significant difference in the mean GPA of males and Females H1: There is significant difference in the mean GPA of males and Females. Test Statistic used is independent sample t test. ? X1 ? X 2 S 2 (n1 ? 1) S12 ? (n2 ? 1) S2 n1n2 ~ tn1 ? n1 ? 2 where S ? n1 ? n2 ? 2 n1 ? n2 Decision rule: Reject the null hypotheses, if the calculated value of test statistic is greater than the critical value. Details t Test for Differences in Two Means Data Hypothesized Difference Level of Significance Population 1 Sample Sample Size Sample Mean Sample Standard Deviation Population 2 Sample Sample Size Sample Mean Sample Standard Deviation Intermediate Calculations Population 1 Sample Degrees of Freedom Population 2 Sample Degrees of Freedom Total Degrees of Freedom Pooled Variance 0. 05 12 2. 8 0. 25 13 4. 95 0. 8 11 12 23 0. 363804 5 Difference in Sample Means t Test Statistic -2. 15 -8. 90424 Two-Tail Test Lower Critical Value Upper Critical Value p-Value Reject the null hypothesis -2. 80734 2. 807336 0. 0000 Conclusion: Reject the null hypotheses. The sample provides enough evidence to support the claim that there is significant difference in the mean GP A score among the males and females. 6 PART II REGRESSION ANALYSIS Problem 5 You wish to run the regression model (less Intercept and coefficients) shown below: VOTE = URBAN + INCOME + EDUCATEGiven the Excel spreadsheet below for annual data from1970 to 2006 (with the data for row 5 thru row 35 not shown), complete all necessary entries in the Excel Regress ion Window shown below the data. 1 2 3 4 A YEAR 1970 1971 1972 B VOTE C URBAN D INCOME E EDUCATE 49. 0 58. 3 45. 2 62. 0 65. 2 75. 0 7488 7635 7879 4. 3 8. 3 4. 5 36 37 38 2004 2005 2006 50. 1 92. 1 94. 0 95. 6 15321 15643 16001 4. 9 4. 7 5. 1 67. 7 54. 2 Regression Input OK Input Y Range: A1:A38 Input X Range: B1:E38 Cancel Help ? Labels Confidence Level: x X X Output options X Constant is Zero 95 % Output Range: New Worksheet Ply:New W orkbook Residuals Residuals Residual Plots Standardized Residuals Line Fit Plots Normal Probabilit y Normal Probability Plots 7 PROBLEM 6. Use the following regression output to determine the following: A real estate investor has devised a model to estimate home prices in a new suburban development. Data for a random sample of 100 homes were gathered on the selling price of the home ($ thousands), the home size (square feet), the lot size (thousands of square feet), and the number of bedrooms. The following multiple regression output was generated: Regression Statistics Multiple R 0. 8647 R Square . 7222 Adjusted R Square 0. 6888 Standard Error 16. 0389 Observations 100 Intercept X1 (Square Feet) X2 (Lot Size) X3 (Bedrooms) Coefficients -24. 888 0. 2323 11. 2589 15. 2356 Standard Error 38. 3735 0. 0184 1. 7120 6. 8905 t Stat -0. 7021 9. 3122 4. 3256 3. 2158 P-value 0. 2154 0. 0000 0. 0001 0. 1589 a. Why is the coefficient for BEDROOMS a positive number? The selling price increase when the number of rooms increases. Thus the relationship is positive. b. Which is the most statistically significant variable? What evidence shows this? Most statistically significant variable is one with least p value.Here most statistically significant variable is Square feet. c. Which is the least statistically significant variable? What evidence shows this? Least statistically significant variable is one with high p value. Here least statistically significant variable is bedrooms d. For a 0. 05 level of significance, should any variable be droppe d from this model? Why or why not? The variable bed rooms can be dropped from the model as the p value is greater than 0. 05. e. Interpret the value of R squared? How does this value from the adjusted R squared? The R2 gives the model adequacy. Here R2 suggest that 72. 22% variability can e explained by the model. Adjusted R2 is a modification of R2 that adjusts for the number of explanatory terms in a model. Unlike R2, the adjusted R2 increases only if the new term improves the model more than would be expected by chance. f. Predict the sales price of a 1134-square-foot home with a lot size of 15,400 square feet and 2 bedrooms. Selling Price =-24. 888+0. 02323*1134+11. 2589*15400+15. 2356*2=173419 8 PART III SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS. Problem 7 Define Autocorrelation in the following terms: a. In what type of regression is it likely to occur? Regressions involving time series data . What is bad about autocorrelation in a regression? The standard error of the estimat es will high. c. What method is used to determine if it exists? (Think of statistical test to be used) Durbin Watson Statistic is used determine auto correlation in a regression. d. If found in a regression how is it eliminated? Appropriate transformations can be adopted to eliminate auto correlation. Problem 8 Define Multicollinearity in the following terms: a) In what type of regression is it likely to occur? Multicollinearity occurs in multiple regressions when two or more independent variables are highly correlated. ) Why is multicollinearity in a regression a difficulty to be resolved? Multicollinearity in Regression Models is an unacceptably high level of intercorrelation among the independents, such that the effects of the independents cannot be separated. Under multicollinearity, estimates are unbiased but assessments of the relative strength of the explanatory variables and their joint effect are unreliable. c) How can multicollinearity be determined in a regression? Multic ollinearity refers to excessive correlation of the predictor variables. When correlation is excessive (some use the rule of thumb of r > 0. 90), tandard errors of the b and beta coefficients become large, making it difficult or impossible to assess the relative importance of the predictor variables. The measures Tolerance and VIF are commonly used to measure multicollinearity. Tolerance is 1 – R2 for the regression of that independent variable on all the other independents, ignoring the dependent. There will be as many tolerance coefficients as there are independents. The higher the inter-correlation of the independents, the more the tolerance will approach zero. As a rule of thumb, if tolerance is less than . 20, a problem with multicollinearity is indicated.When tolerance is close to 0 there is high multicollinearity of that variable with other independents and the b and beta coefficients will be unstable. The more the multicollinearity, the lower the tolerance, the more th e standard error of the regression coefficients. d) If multicollinearity is found in a regression, how is it eliminated? Multicollinearity occurs because two (or more) variables are related – they measure essentially the same thing. If one of the variables doesn’t seem logically essential to your model, removing it may reduce or eliminate multicollinearity.

FBI National Security Branch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FBI National Security Branch - Essay Example According to the Federal Bureau of Intelligence, the NSB plays a critical role in protecting the United States against terrorist attacks, weapons of mass destruction, espionage, and foreign intelligence operations. The NSB mission ensures that the Bureau is in a position to perform its national security duties (FBI, 2006). The national security branch is made up of the counterterrorism division, counterintelligence division, and directorate of intelligence, terrorist screening centre, weapons of mass of destruction and a counter proliferation centre. The counterterrorism division concentrates on international and local terrorism related issues (fbi.gov, 2012). This division utilises its investigative and intelligence capabilities to fight acts of terrorism. The counterterrorism division fights against terrorism by dismantling terrorist networks worldwide, and cutting off any form of support that terrorists gain from sympathizers. The FBI states that the counterintelligence division i s responsible for preventing and investigating foreign intelligence activities in the United States. The counterintelligence division investigates the past and emerging threats to determine the state of national security. The counterintelligence division employs intelligence and law enforcement procedures to carry out investigative operations such as spying activities (wordpress.com, 2010). The directorate of intelligence (DI) is in charge of the Bureaus intelligence functions. The directorate of intelligence supervises field intelligence operations, which include collections down to dissemination. The DI ensures that intelligence is incorporated in all investigative programs. The DI continuously improves on its compilation, investigation, and dissemination capabilities to enable them provide intelligence that is important in protecting the nation (fbi.gov, 2012). The terrorist screening centre is another important division in the national security branch. The terrorist screening ce ntre supports the bureau in the fight against terrorism. The terrorist screening centre is responsible for providing a comprehensive watch list of identified or suspected terrorists. The terrorist screening database is accessible to government agencies such as departments of states, central intelligence agency, counterterrorism centre, department of defence, and the department of homeland security (FBI, 2006). According to the Bureau, the terrorist watch list is one of the most valuable counterterrorism tools for the United States government (fbi.gov, 2012). The national security branch has the weapons of mass destruction directorate, which is responsible for preventing and disrupting the possession of weapons of mass destruction capabilities and technologies. The National security branch created the WMD directorate in July 2006. The directorate deals with incidents that involve nuclear, biological, radiological and chemical weapons. The directorate employs intelligence to carry out investigations, develop countermeasures and drive preparedness that will ensure threats are prevented from becoming a reality. The FBI explains that the WMD directorate has a vision to eliminate the use of WMD. The directorate identifies and responds to WMD threats. The directorate cooperates with other law enforcement agencies to identify, and disrupt WMD operations (FBI, 2006). The Directorate supports the United States

Knowledge Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Knowledge Management - Essay Example Furthermore, forces inside the industry, which include buyers, suppliers, new entrants, substitutes, and most importantly, rivalry in the industry. Therefore, the report presents knowledge management as solution to most of these problems and a tool to strengthen company’s situation. Discussion Definitions of Knowledge Management Without any doubts, for the past few decades the world has been changing at exponential rates. The ability of human mind of discover the secrets of nature, explore the seas, capture the air, fly into the sky and others have allowed us to live in a world which is a better and comfortable place. However, on the other hand, these technological advancements have really increased the amount of information and knowledge that was available before. In fact, never in the history before, we felt the need to manage the knowledge that we possess. Furthermore, the future that awaits for us where our success would be a direct result of our ability to effectively use , manage, and develop our knowledge. Technological capital and human intellectual capital may not get a place on the balance sheets of the organization but they will be getting much attention in the corporate goals, mission statements, and organizational cultures of the many companies. People understand that the only thing, which has the ability to limit them, is their ability to leverage and use the human mind (Stankosky, pp. 234-235). Despite the fact that there has a lot of research in this field and lots of ink is being devoted to the subject, yet authors and experts have not been able to reach a consensus or one unified definition for this topic. According to Robert S. Seiner, Knowledge Management can be defined as a concept in which an enterprise gathers organizes, shares, and analyzes the knowledge of individuals and groups across the organization in ways that directly affect performance (Frappaolo, pp. 26-28). According to Meredith Levinson, ‘Knowledge Management is th e process through which organizations generate value from their intellectual and knowledge based assets. According to Robert Villegas, Knowledge Management is simply the transfer of knowledge from one person to another, the result of which enables the recipient to benefit from the collected wisdom of the more experienced members of an organization or group’ (Becerra-Fernandez & Sabherwal, pp. 341-348). In other words, Knowledge Management is actually a cyclical system or a multiplier effect, which helps an organization in efficient achievement of its objectives and the same happens because the organization’s habits, planning and its execution is deeply rooted in the tacit and explicit learning of the organization (Stankosky, pp. 234-235). Why implement Knowledge Management? Following are some of the direct and clear benefits that Bobco will benefit from by the implementation of knowledge management in the organisation. First, the company would be in a great position to decrease the operational costs. Quite understandably, the market place of today has turned into a ruthless, aggressive, bloody, and destructive place where survival of the fittest is the order of the day. Even Bobco is operating in a market where the pressures for decreasing costs are increasing everyday. Despite the fact that sales have increased yet the profit margins have been shrinking due to increased pressures to outclass competitors. Attaining

Watch the movie and follow questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Watch the movie and follow questions - Essay Example behaviour, the entire vicinity proves to express a lot of concern for Lars until he finds his new love Bianca who is not human but just a life-size doll that became known to him through a co-worker. Definitely, this kind of a friend is unusual and unreal, but even with that the entire family and the village so to say seems to be happy with Lars decision to live happily with a doll. Out of all characters performing this movie, it is only Gus, Lars’ brother who looks afraid of what other people would say about his brother’s inanimate relationship with a doll; otherwise, all others encourage Lars, including Dagmar the family doctor (Schwartzberg 110-1) What I find most interesting in the movie is the realism in the almost impossible affair that exists between Lars Lindstrom and the life-size doll Bianca. At first, we as the audience look at it as if it is impossibility and it would never happen that a real human would actually fall in love with a doll and actually treat it as a real human girlfriend. To make matters even more interesting, Lars’ acted confidence is able to convince almost everyone that Bianca was his only beloved friend and deserved to be treated with uttermost love, care and attention. Despite some doubt at the beginning, Gus, his brother buys into this idea to join a large number of other individuals in the village that preceded him in acknowledging the existence of at list a friend in the lonely life of Lars. What makes it even more interesting is the perspective and reasoning behind all the villagers and well-wishers that commented about the new relationship between Bianca the life-size doll and Lars the lonely worker. Their reasoning was all that really mattered at that particular time was the fact that finally Lars had a friend and could afford to have a smile on his cheeks; the rest they left to God. Finally, as I was watching the movie there is the aspect of Godliness that I find provocative in the way this aspect has been portrayed.

Speech class assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Speech class - Assignment Example This is likely to be experienced by people who are not used to deception. General uneasiness when communicating may be a good prediction of deception or attempt of the same. Rapid movements accompanied by change of body posture when talking may suggest an attempt of deception. The second most important clue to attempt of deception is avoidance of eye contact. Whereas habitual and experienced liars will attempt a deception without avoiding eye contact, other people will most likely avoid eye contact while attempting deception. Avoidance of eye contact coupled with touching and handling other items while communicating may strongly suggest an attempt to deceive. Other nonverbal signs of attempt to deceive include, fidgeting and change of facial expressions. A communicator who was talking comfortably but then begins to fidget in the middle of a conversation may mean that they are feeling uneasy with what they are communicating and therefore, fidgeting may suggest an attempt of